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It seems there’s never a dull moment in pop music. But in 2021, the genre’s rising stars and longtime greats all came out swinging, always giving fans something to be excited about.

Taylor Swift and her unofficial protege, Olivia Rodrigo, made for two of the biggest stories of the year: Swift began releasing her rerecorded albums, and Rodrigo had the world listening after she dropped her global phenomenon “driver’s license.”

Pop expanded its palette this year, too, with K-pop experiencing its biggest year yet and Nigeria proving that its Afropop stars have some serious promise.

On top of all of that, fans finally received some of pop’s most-anticipated albums in 2021, making for a year that was truly monumental and memorable. Take a look at eight of the genre’s most prominent trends below.

Teenage Angst Took Over

From the moment 2021 began, there was no denying it was going to be the year of Olivia Rodrigo. With the runaway chart and streaming successes of her two biggest hits so far — the teenage heartbreak ballad “driver’s license” and the angsty, Paramore-sampling “good 4 u,” which both debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100 — the 18-year-old was at the helm of young stars who weren’t afraid to get raw and real in 2021.

A sense of vulnerability was the through-line of pop’s new wave this year, and it clearly resonated. In addition to Rodrigo’s triumphs, Australian breakout The Kid LAROI landed a Top 10 hit with the gut-wrenching acoustic track “Without You” as well as a Hot 100 and pop radio No. 1 with the Justin Bieber-assisted bop “Stay.” And if the honest lyrics of his hit singles aren’t enough indication, just look at the title of its parent album: F— Love.

Tate McRae, another 18-year-old, also hit a sweet spot with her peers with her anti-sympathetic breakup song, “you broke me first.” The song has amassed more than one billion streams worldwide, also reaching No. 1 on pop radio.

Of course, Gen Z first got in their feelings thanks to Billie Eilish, and she continued to carry her torch in 2021 with the release of her second album, Happier Than Ever. Though the album’s jazz-influenced, downtempo nature was a departure from the trap-led sound of her debut, When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?, it lyrically stayed right in line with the trenchant honesty that made her a star — and, seemingly, opened the floodgates for her teen successors.

“Taylor’s Versions” Caused a Frenzy

Nearly two years after Taylor Swift announced that she’d be re-recording her first six albums in order to regain artistic and financial control, the first two albums arrived in 2021. And boy, did Swifties have a field day.

The country starlet turned pop superstar knew exactly what her loyal legion of followers would want, releasing remakes of fan favorites Fearless and Red this year. Upon the April release of Fearless (Taylor’s Version), the album had the biggest opening day for an album on Spotify in 2021, garnering 50 million global streams on its first day and subsequently debuting atop the Billboard 200.

Yet, it was Red (Taylor’s Version) that became a phenomenon, becoming the most-streamed album in a day from a female artist on Spotify with nearly 91 million global first-day streams (breaking the record she previously set with 2020’s Folklore). The album’s immediate draw owed partial thanks to a 10-minute version of her beloved power ballad “All Too Well,” which took on a life of its own. Along with becoming a short film that Swift debuted in New York City and earning the singer her eighth No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, it also blew up the Twittersphere with scathing (yet amusing) tweets about the song’s supposed subject, actor Jake Gyllenhaal.

Among Red (Taylor’s Version)’s many other feats, the 10-minute, 13-second version of “All Too Well” also became the longest song to top the Hot 100. With four re-records still left to release, who knows what kind of records Swift will break next?

Black Women Took The Genre By Storm

While 2021 wasn’t necessarily a breakout year for Doja Cat or Normani, it was the year that both stars came into their own — and, ultimately, reinvented the pop star ideal.

After teasing her pop sensibility with her 2020 smash “Say So,” Doja Cat struck pop gold again with the SZA-featuring “Kiss Me More.” The disco-tinged hit was just one of the many A-list collaborations on Doja’s hailed album Planet Her, which has accumulated more than 3 billion streams since its June release and debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200.

On the opposite end, Normani — who got her start in pop girl group Fifth Harmony and saw her first two solo hits (2018’s “Love Lies” and 2019’s “Dancing With a Stranger”) take over pop radio — reminded listeners of her versatility in 2021. Following an empowered team-up with Megan Thee Stallion for the Birds of Prey soundtrack, Normani recruited Cardi B to help bring out her R&B side on the sexy slow jam “Wild Side,” which earned the 25-year-old singer her first hit on Billboard’s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (in the top 5, no less).

Two artists who did have breakout years were Beyoncé protegee Chloë and German singer/songwriter Zoe Wees. Chloë, one half of R&B duo Chloe x Halle, released her debut solo single “Have Mercy” to critical acclaim, putting on showstopping performances of the song at the MTV Video Music Awards and the American Music Awards. Wees closed out the AMAs with a powerful rendition of her poignant song, “Girls Like Us,” the follow-up to her viral hit “Control.”

Artists Loudly Proclaimed Their Sexuality

As acceptance becomes more prominent within mainstream music, stars are latching on to the new era of being open about however they identify.

Though Lil Nas X came out as gay in 2019, his sonic proclamation came in controversial form with “Montero (Call Me By Your Name).” The video for the flamenco-dripped track — whose title references the 2017 gay romance film Call Me By Your Name — depicted biblical and Satanic scenes in racy fashion. Despite resulting in backlash from religious groups, the song and video’s bold statement served as an impactful one for the LGBTQ+ community — as Lil Nas put it himself, pushing for “more acceptance, more open-mindedness amongst humanity as a whole.”

Demi Lovato (who announced they are non-binary in May) featured a song about their sexual fluidity on their seventh album, Dancing With the Devil, released in April. The wavy “The Kind of Lover I Am” declares “Doesn’t matter, you’re a woman or a man/ That’s the kind of lover I am” on its rolling chorus.

Bringing back one of pop’s first sexual fluidity anthems, Fletcher interpolated Katy Perry‘s “I Kissed A Girl” for her own single “Girls Girls Girls,” which marked “the freedom and the celebration I’ve been craving my whole life,” she said in a press release. One month later, she teamed up with Hayley Kiyoko (who has been dubbed “Lesbian Jesus” by her fans) for “Cherry,” a flirty sapphic jam.

K-Pop’s English Infusion Blew Up

Thanks to the likes of BTS and BLACKPINK — and now countless other groups — K-pop has made its way into the U.S. pop market in a major way in recent years. As it has continued to boom, more and more artists are releasing songs that are completely in English — and the genre is arguably bigger than ever.

Less than a year after BTS first dabbled in English-language singles with 2020’s smash “Dynamite,” they delivered the biggest hit of their career with the smooth sensation “Butter.” The song debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, where it stayed for 10 non-consecutive weeks — a streak initially broken up by their third English-language hit, “Permission to Dance.”

BLACKPINK saw two of its members go solo in 2021, Lisa and Rosé, who each issued English-language singles of their own. Lisa’s “Money” and Rosé’s “On The Ground” both landed on the Hot 100, respectively garnering more than 375 million and 255 million YouTube views alone.

Several other acts released notable English-language tracks, with SEVENTEEN and TWICE each putting out their first: “2 MINUS 1” features SEVENTEEN members Joshua and Vernon, and “The Feels” became TWICE’s first top 20 hit on the Billboard Global 200, where it reached No. 12.

Read More: 5 K-Pop Songwriters & Producers Who Defined 2021: SUMIN, Teddy Park, ADORA, RM & SUGA

Pop Became More Global Than Ever Before

South Korea isn’t the only far-flung country having a moment. In fact, Nigeria is arguably one of the most fruitful geographical founts of music — particularly thanks to the recent Afropop explosion.

Wizkid — who first saw global success with his Drake collaboration, “One Dance,” in 2016 — earned his first Billboard Hot 100 hit as a lead artist with the R&B-tinged single “Essence.” The song features fellow Nigerian singer Tems, making history as the first Nigerian song to break the Hot 100 top 10. The sultry track caught the attention of Justin Bieber, who hopped on a remix and declared it the “song of the summer.”

Bieber also enlisted Nigerian star Burna Boy for his widely praised LP, Justice, one of the singer/rapper’s many pop-driven appearances in 2021, including Sia, Jon Bellion and John Legend. 

Two other rising Nigerian acts, Joeboy and Fireboy DML, saw their Afropop takes resonate this year, too. Joeboy’s “Alcohol” inspired a viral TikTok craze, and the success of Fireboy’s “Peru” landed a remix with Ed Sheeran in December.

Elsewhere, Latin still proves to have a profound impact in the pop world. Puerto Rican newcomer Rauw Alejandro’s irresistibly catchy “Todo De Ti” made its way to mainstream radio, as did Maluma‘s global hit “Hawái,” the latter thanks to a remix with The Weeknd. And Pop queens Christina Aguilera and Selena Gomez also honored their Latin roots: Aguilera dropped two singles, “Pas Mis Muchachas” and “Somos Nada”; Gomez released her first Spanish-language project, Revelación.

In the streaming world, Bad Bunny — Spotify’s most-streamed artist for the second year in a row — and BTS (No. 3 on Spotify’s year-end tally) proved that Latin and K-pop are equal contenders to pop powerhouses like Taylor Swift and Bieber, who were No. 2 and 5, respectively.

Superstars Joined Forces

Sure, every year sees star-studded collaborations. But with artists having unprecedented downtime in 2020 and into 2021, some iconic pairings were born.

Ariana Grande and The Weeknd — no strangers to working together — scored their first Hot 100 No. 1 with a remix of The Weeknd’s “Save Your Tears.” Another Grande collaborator, Lizzo, teamed up with Cardi B for her latest single, “Rumors.”

One of the most unexpected (and brilliant) partnerships came from Bruno Mars and Anderson .Paak, who joined forces for the ’70s funk-inspired duo Silk Sonic. The pair dropped their silky debut single, “Leave the Door Open,” just one week after announcing their joint project in February, and unveiled An Evening With Silk Sonic in November.

Veterans recruited some of pop’s newer voices, too. Australian icon Kylie Minogue dueted with British electropop star Years & Years on “A Second to Midnight,” a track from her reissue album, Disco: Guest List Edition. She also featured Dua Lipa on the album on a song titled “Real Groove.”

Lipa co-starred with another legend, Elton John, on the chart-topping (and “Rocket Man”-sampling) hit “Cold Heart (PNAU Remix).” The single was part of John’s jam-packed collaborative album, The Lockdown Sessions, which also featured Charlie Puth, Stevie Nicks and Stevie Wonder, among many others.

Long-Awaited Albums Arrived

Silk Sonic appeased those eagerly waiting for Bruno Mars to follow up his 2016 Album Of The Year-winning LP, 24K Magic, as the duo’s material featured plenty of signature Bruno power hooks and slinky melodies. But those still longing for a solo Bruno Mars record may have at least been satisfied by the other 2021 arrivals.

Six years in the making, Adele’s 30 finally landed in November — and, unsurprisingly, became the top-selling album of the year in just its first three days. The LP has now sold more than 1 million copies, and spawned the singer’s fifth Hot 100 No. 1 with the poignant lead single, “Easy on Me.” Beyond accolades, 30 sees Adele at her most vulnerable — as she’s said herself, it centers around her divorce from entrepreneur Simon Konecki — which resulted in her most raw and powerful work yet.

Considering Ed Sheeran’s extensive touring schedule that had the singer/songwriter on the road until the end of August 2019, it was almost hard to believe it had been four years since his last album. Surely some Sheerios felt the agony, but it was worth the wait: =, Sheeran’s fourth studio album, offered 14 new tracks that expand on the star’s signature talents, from heartfelt falsetto to boot-stomping melodies.

In what felt like the day that may never come, Kanye West delivered his tenth album, Donda, in August. The project had seen multiple postponements since its originally scheduled release of July 2020, but perhaps that’s because the final product has a whopping 27 songs. While the album leans more into West’s hip-hop roots, its impressive roster of guest stars — from The Weeknd to Watch the Throne cohort JAY-Z — offered any kind of Kanye fan something to enjoy.

After such a whirlwind year, one big question stands out as we enter 2022: what’s next?

2021 In Review: 8 Trends That Defined Latin Music